The EPR Paradox<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nWe can extend the above argument to the more familiar properties of position and momentum as well. Thus, measuring the position of one particle, is giving rise to indeterminacy in the momentum of the other particle, a phenomenon intricately linked with the mysterious concept of quantum entanglement.This is indeed very perplexing as it implies that the second particle somehow \u2018\u2018knows\u2019\u2019 the result of the measurement of position of the first particle. Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen asked how can the second particle “know” to have precisely defined position but uncertain momentum? This implies that the two particles are communicating instantaneously across space, which clearly violates the Special Theory of Relativity. This apparent discrepancy is known as the EPR paradox. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\nEinstein, Podolsky and Rosen presented their ideas and a way to resolve the paradox in a paper where they claimed quantum mechanics is incomplete if certain information about any state is not given; it means entanglement seems non local (even acting correlated though they are a distance apart) because the wave function was falling short of information about states. This statement directly implies about the existence of hidden variables, i.e. variables that are not known are acting here and restricting scientists to know fully about states of the system. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\nThese variables can be thought to represent the results of the measurements which are then already known to the particle being measured. However the assumption was proved wrong by von Neumann in his theorem of impossibility, where he showed that the existence of hidden variables is impossible (Rosinger, 2004, p. 1). Finally, Bell was able to disprove the presence of hidden variables mathematically. In its simplest form, the theorem states that \u2018No physical theory of\u00a0local hidden variables\u00a0can ever reproduce all of the predictions of quantum mechanics\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\nAlthough John Bell gave a rigorous proof against hidden variables, his paper was mostly based on mathematics and the physical significance of his calculation was not clear. To prove his calculations, Clauser, Horne, Shimony, and Holt (1969) published an article proposing an experiment better known as CSHS experiment, entangling particles through the exploration of quantum entanglement, which was written down as \u201cProposed Experiment to Test Local Hidden-Variable Theories.\u201d In this experiment, they derived a more general form of Bell\u2019s inequality for practical reasons, further delving into the implications of quantum entanglement. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Again, this experiment reinforced the notion of entanglement between the pairs of electrons, emphasizing the intricate nature of quantum entanglement. After these experiments, many other experiments have been performed that have favored quantum mechanics. In 2008, Salart, Baas, van Houwelingen, Gisin, and Zbinder (2008) published their Bell\u2019s test experiment where the inequalities are still violated with pairs of particles 18 Km apart, providing additional evidence for the pervasive influence of quantum entanglement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The current understanding of the EPR paradox is that the formulation of Quantum Theory is such that the effect of measurement happens instantaneously, but this cannot be used to transfer classical information. Hence, it does not violate Special Relativity. Quantum entanglement is an extremely active area of research and entanglement has been observed in photons, electrons and even large molecules. There is immense scope in the future where entanglement can possibly revolutionize communication and computation<\/a> across the universe!<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"The framework of modern physics largely rests on two pillars, namely General Relativity (which is celebrating its centenary this year), and Quantum Mechanics. Albert Einstein not only formulated the theory of relativity but was also one of the pioneers in the development of Quantum Theory, exploring the fascinating realm of quantum entanglement. However, it is…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":34173,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[627,626,625],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/entropymag.co\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15315"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/entropymag.co\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/entropymag.co\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/entropymag.co\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/entropymag.co\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15315"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/entropymag.co\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15315\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37053,"href":"https:\/\/entropymag.co\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15315\/revisions\/37053"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/entropymag.co\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34173"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/entropymag.co\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15315"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/entropymag.co\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15315"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/entropymag.co\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15315"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}